International investing
Owning companies that are not listed here
Explore investment opportunities beyond Indian markets and diversify your portfolio across global businesses and markets, subject to product availability and applicable regulations.
Open a global investing account
The global investing account is opened and held with our partner, who is regulated where it operates. It is a separate account from your Yukti trading account, with its own terms, its own KYC and its own investor protection framework, which is not the Indian one. This link opens the partner's own site.
- The legal route
- The Liberalised Remittance SchemeAn annual limit per person, per financial year, set by the RBI.
- Where the account is
- With our partner, abroadNot with us, and not under Indian investor protection.
- What you send
- Rupees, convertedThe bank's rate and its margin apply on the way out and back.
- Collected at source
- TCS on the remittanceA cash flow cost, creditable against your tax liability.
- Your return has two parts
- The market and the rupeeBoth can help and both can hurt, independently.
- You must declare it
- Foreign assets, in your returnSeparately, in the schedule prescribed for foreign assets.
- The no-remittance route
- India-listed funds and ETFsNo LRS, no TCS, no foreign account, and no foreign asset to declare.
The LRS limit, TCS rates, permitted purposes, tax rates, disclosure requirements and the availability of each route are set by the Reserve Bank, SEBI, the government and the regulators of the destination market, and all of them are revised from time to time. Overseas investment by Indian mutual funds is also subject to limits that have caused subscriptions to be restricted in the past. This page describes how each route works rather than what any of them costs or permits today. Your partner's terms, the offer document and your tax adviser are the authoritative sources.
Four things that make this different from investing at home. First, your return has two independent parts: what the foreign market did and what the rupee did, and the currency can turn a good year abroad into a poor one here or the reverse. Second, the account is not with us and not in India: it is held with our partner under the law and the investor protection framework of the place it operates in, and Indian remedies do not apply to it. Third, the obligations follow you home: a foreign asset has to be declared in your income tax return in the schedule prescribed for it, and failing to do so carries consequences quite separate from the tax itself. Fourth, the costs are not only the brokerage: the exchange margin on the way out, the fees on the way back and the tax collected at source all act on the amount before a single share is bought. Nothing on this page is a recommendation to invest abroad or in any market, company or fund.
Four things to settle before sending any money
None of these are about which company to buy. All four decide whether the exercise was worth doing at all.
You are taking two bets, not one
Buying a foreign share means owning the company and owning the currency it is priced in. If the market rises ten percent and the rupee strengthens by the same amount against that currency, you have earned almost nothing. Historically the rupee has tended to weaken, which has helped, and a tendency is not a promise.
Consequence: judge the result in rupees, because that is the money you will eventually spend.
There is more than one way in, and they are not equivalent
You can remit money and buy shares directly abroad, or buy an India-listed fund or exchange traded fund that does it for you, or use the GIFT City route. They differ in cost, in whether the LRS limit is consumed, in what you must declare and in who regulates the account. Choosing the route is a bigger decision than choosing the holding.
Consequence: for a modest amount, the India-listed route is usually the sensible starting point.
The costs happen before you buy anything
A remittance carries a margin on the exchange rate, a fee from the bank and tax collected at source, and the money is converted again on the way back. On a small amount those fixed and percentage costs can exceed several years of the return you were hoping the foreign market would deliver.
Consequence: work out the total cost as a percentage before deciding the amount is worth remitting.
Owning a foreign asset is a reporting obligation
Holding shares, an account or any asset outside India has to be declared in your income tax return, in the schedule prescribed for foreign assets, whether or not you earned anything from it and whether or not tax is payable. The consequences of not declaring are separate from, and heavier than, the tax itself.
Consequence: if you will not keep records and file the schedule every year, use the India-listed route instead.
Five routes out, and they are genuinely different
They all end with you exposed to companies outside India. What differs is where the account sits, whose money crosses the border, what it costs, and what you are obliged to tell the tax department afterwards.
Direct, through a partner platform
You own the foreign shares themselvesYou open an account with our partner abroad, remit rupees under the Liberalised Remittance Scheme, and buy shares in that market by name. It is the only route that lets you choose individual overseas companies, and it carries the most paperwork of the five.
- Fractional shares are usually available, which is what makes very expensive foreign shares practical at modest amounts.
- The account is regulated where the partner operates, so Indian investor protection does not apply to it.
- Every remittance consumes part of your annual limit and attracts the exchange margin and fees both ways.
What to check first
- The total remittance cost as a percentage of the amount
- The partner's fee schedule and client agreement, before funding
- Whether you will file the foreign asset schedule every year
- Estate duty exposure in the destination market
Sending an amount too small to carry the fixed costs. A flat transfer fee and an exchange margin apply whatever the size, and the same costs apply again on the way home, so on a modest sum they can exceed what the foreign market is likely to deliver in a year.
Availability, limits and treatment of each route are set by the Reserve Bank, SEBI, the government and the regulators of the destination market, and are revised from time to time. Overseas investment by Indian mutual funds is subject to industry-wide limits which have caused subscriptions to be restricted in the past. This section describes the character of each route rather than what is permitted or available today, and nothing here recommends any route, market, scheme or company.
What happens between your bank account and a foreign share
Five steps, three of which cost you something. None of them are difficult, and all of them happen before a single share has been bought.
An India-listed fund or ETF skips this diagram entirely.
Six things the scheme actually says
The Liberalised Remittance Scheme is the route by which a resident individual may send money abroad. The limit and the rates change; the structure below does not, and it is what people get wrong.
A limit, per person, per financial year
The cap is set by the Reserve Bank and applies to each resident individual for each financial year, resetting in April. It is not per bank and not per transaction: remittances through different banks in the same year all count against the same limit, and the banks report against your permanent account number.
Check before you send: the current limit, and what you have already used this financial year.
Everything counts, not only investments
The same limit covers foreign travel, education, medical treatment, maintenance of relatives, gifts and investment. A family holiday and a term's fees abroad both consume the allowance that was going to fund the portfolio, and the order in which they happen during the year matters.
Check before you send: what else is planned this financial year that will use the same limit.
It is per person, so a family multiplies it
Each resident individual has their own allowance, including a minor, whose remittance is made by a guardian. A household with several adults therefore has several times the headline figure available. What is not permitted is routing somebody else's money through a relative's allowance, which is a different thing entirely.
Condition: the money must genuinely belong to the person whose limit is used, and the account abroad must be theirs.
A declaration and a purpose code
Every remittance carries a form on which you declare the purpose and confirm the limit has not been exceeded, and a purpose code that classifies it. Investment abroad has its own code, distinct from travel or education, and using the right one matters because that is the record the system keeps.
Practical effect: keep a copy of every remittance advice. It is the evidence behind what you will declare later.
You cannot borrow to do it
Remittances under the scheme must be made from your own funds. Borrowing in rupees in order to invest abroad is outside what the scheme permits, and so are certain destinations and certain kinds of transaction that are specifically prohibited. The prohibited list is short, published and worth reading once.
Practical effect: if you would need a loan for it, the answer is that the scheme does not allow it.
Bringing it back, and what happens if you do not
Proceeds and income earned abroad may generally be retained and reinvested there, which is why many people leave the money invested for years. Whatever you choose, the holding continues to be a foreign asset for as long as you own it, with the reporting obligation that comes with that.
Practical effect: leaving it there is permitted. Forgetting to declare it is not.
This is a description of the structure of the scheme and is not legal or tax advice. The limit, the permitted and prohibited purposes, documentation requirements and the rate at which tax is collected at source are prescribed by the Reserve Bank and the government and are amended from time to time. Confirm the position applying on the day of your remittance with your bank or a qualified professional.
What a remittance costs, and what the rupee does to the result
Both calculators run on figures you type in from your bank's quote and your own assumptions. Neither knows a rate, a market or a limit. Between them they answer the two questions that decide whether going abroad directly was worth it.
Two very different kinds of cost. The exchange margin and the transfer fee are gone for good. The tax collected at source is not: it appears in your annual tax statement and is a credit against your liability when you file. Both matter, and only one of them is a real loss, which is why they are shown separately below.
Everything here applies again in reverse when you bring the money home, so a round trip costs roughly twice the percentage shown. Brokerage and any platform fee charged by the partner are additional and are not included.
Run the first calculator on the amount you actually had in mind. On a large remittance the percentage cost is small and the direct route makes sense. On a small one the same fixed fee and the same exchange margin can consume more than the foreign market is likely to give you in a year, and an India-listed fund or exchange traded fund reaches the same companies without any of it. The decision is arithmetic, and it takes a minute.
Direct abroad, an India-listed fund, or GIFT City
All three give you exposure to companies outside India. They differ in where the account sits, whether your remittance limit is consumed, what you must declare and how much the exercise costs before anything is bought.
Which route fits what you are actually trying to do
Two questions about this particular plan. The matching column below is highlighted. This describes how the three routes work; it is not advice about any market, company, scheme or platform.
You want to own particular companies by name and you are prepared to run an account outside India. That is what the direct route is for, and it is the only one that lets you choose individual overseas securities. Before you fund it, work out the total remittance cost as a percentage on this page, read the partner's client agreement and fee schedule, and be clear that the account is regulated where it operates rather than here, and that a foreign asset has to be declared in your return every year you hold it.
This matches a stated intention to the characteristics of three routes. It is not investment advice, it takes no view on any market, company, scheme or platform, and it does not consider your circumstances or your tax position. Investing abroad carries currency risk in addition to market risk.
Attribute Direct, through our partner India-listed fund or ETF GIFT City route
| What you own | The foreign shares themselves | Units in an Indian scheme that owns them | The foreign securities, through an IFSC account |
| Where the account is | Abroad, with the partner | Nowhere new. Your existing folio or demat | In the IFSC, inside India's jurisdiction |
| Does it use your LRS limit | Yes, on every remittance | No | Yes, the remittance is still under the scheme |
| Currency conversion | Yours to pay, both ways | Handled inside the scheme | Yours to pay, both ways |
| Choice of securities | Whatever the partner offers, by name | Whatever the scheme holds | What the IFSC platform offers |
| Smallest sensible amount | Large, because the fixed costs bite | Very small | In between |
| Who regulates the account | The regulator where the partner operates | SEBI | The IFSC authority |
| Investor protection | That of the destination, not India's | The Indian framework | The IFSC framework |
| Taxed as | A foreign asset, under the rules for one | A non-equity scheme, on redemption | Per the rules applying to that structure |
| Foreign asset to declare | Yes, every year you hold it | No | Depends on the structure. Confirm it |
| Effort it asks of you | Real and continuing | Almost none | Moderate |
The global account is with our partner, not with us
This is the most important paragraph on the page, so it is stated plainly rather than in a footnote. Your Indian trading account and your global investing account are two separate things, held with two separate entities, under two separate sets of rules.
Who you are contracting with
The global investing account is opened with our partner platform and is governed by its own client agreement, which you accept during that process. We introduce you to it. We do not hold your foreign securities, we do not execute your foreign trades and we are not a party to that contract.
Read it once: the partner's client agreement, terms and fee schedule, before funding the account.
Investor protection is the destination's, not India's
The partner is regulated where it operates, and whatever compensation or protection scheme exists there is the one that applies. Indian investor protection mechanisms, including those you are used to in your trading account here, do not extend to an account held outside India.
Worth knowing: find out what protection does apply there, and to what limit, before you decide the amount.
You will do KYC twice
Your Indian KYC does not transfer. The partner runs its own identity verification under the rules of its jurisdiction, which usually means your passport or PAN, proof of address, a tax identification declaration and sometimes a source-of-funds question. It is not duplication for its own sake; it is a different regulator asking.
Have ready: PAN, a proof of address in your own name, and your bank details for the remittance.
Where the shares are actually held
Securities bought through the partner are held in custody arrangements under the rules of that market, typically with your holding recorded beneficially rather than in your own name on the company's register. That is normal practice there, and the statement the partner issues is your record of it.
Keep: every periodic statement. They are the evidence behind the foreign asset schedule you will file.
Who to contact for what
Questions about the foreign account, a trade on it, a corporate action or a statement go to the partner, because they hold the relationship and the records. Questions about the remittance go to your bank. Questions about your Indian trading and demat account, and about the India-listed route, come to us.
Practical effect: note the partner's support channel at the time you open the account, not when you need it.
The obligations stay with you
Neither we nor the partner file your tax return, compute your foreign capital gains, claim your treaty relief or complete your foreign asset schedule. The partner gives you statements, your bank gives you remittance advices, and what you do with them is yours. That is worth understanding before rather than in July.
Worth doing: agree with a chartered accountant, in advance, what records they will need from you each year.
Open the global account with our partner
The application runs on the partner's own site, with its own verification and its own terms. Read the fee schedule and the client agreement before you fund it, and work out the remittance cost on this page first, because on a small amount the India-listed route reaches the same companies for a fraction of it.
Six ways this goes wrong that have nothing to do with the market
The foreign market falling is the risk everybody signs up for. These are the ones specific to doing it from India, and most of them are avoidable by deciding something in advance.
The currency taking back the gain
A good year in the foreign market can arrive alongside a rupee that strengthened, and the two largely cancel. The currency is not a detail on top of the investment; it is half of what you bought, it moves for reasons entirely unrelated to the companies you chose, and it is not something you can research your way out of.
Guard: measure everything in rupees from day one, and accept the currency as part of the position rather than as noise.
Sending too small an amount
A flat transfer fee and an exchange margin act on the amount whatever its size, so on a small remittance they can take more than the foreign market is likely to give you in a year, and the same costs apply again on the way home. It is the single most common way this exercise ends up worse than doing nothing.
Guard: run the first calculator. If the percentage looks large, use the India-listed route instead.
Not declaring the foreign asset
Holding an account or securities outside India has to be reported in your income tax return every year you hold it, whether or not you earned anything and whether or not any tax is due. The consequences of not doing so are separate from, and considerably heavier than, the tax that was avoided.
Guard: treat the annual schedule as part of the cost of this route, and decide now whether you will actually do it.
Assuming the estate will be simple
Assets held in some jurisdictions are subject to that country's own estate or inheritance duty on the death of a non-resident owner, sometimes above a very low threshold and at a substantial rate. It has nothing to do with Indian law and it applies to the asset rather than to you. Nominations on a foreign account work under that country's rules too.
Guard: ask a professional about estate exposure in the destination market before the holding becomes large.
Discovering the route has closed
Overseas investment by Indian mutual funds is subject to industry-wide limits, and subscriptions into international schemes have been restricted in the past when those limits were reached. The remittance route has its own annual cap. A plan that assumes a route will always be open is a plan with an assumption in it.
Guard: do not build a monthly plan that depends on one route remaining available indefinitely.
Calling one country diversification
Most international investing from India is investing in one market, in one currency, concentrated in a handful of very large companies in one or two industries. That is a real and reasonable position to take. It is not the same as spreading risk, and describing it as diversification is how people end up with far more of it than they intended.
Guard: look at what your foreign holding actually contains before deciding how much of the portfolio it should be.
Every line, what it is charged on, and who charges it
Rates move with circulars, with the Finance Act and with your bank's own pricing, so the table gives you the structure and tells you where the current figure is published. On this route the brokerage is usually the smallest line on the list.
| Line item | Calculated on | Levied by | Where the current rate is published |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exchange rate margin | The amount remitted, each way. Usually the largest single cost of going abroad, and negotiable on larger amounts. | Your bank | Quoted by the bank for the amount |
| Transfer fee | Each remittance, as a flat amount regardless of size. It is why small remittances are expensive in percentage terms. | Your bank | The bank's schedule of charges |
| Tax collected at source | The remittance, where applicable. It is a cash flow cost and a credit against your tax liability, not a loss. | Government | Notified rate, in the Finance Act |
| Partner brokerage | Each trade on the foreign account, on the partner's own schedule. | Our partner | The partner's fee schedule |
| Platform or account fee | The account, where the partner charges one, periodically or per activity. | Our partner | The partner's fee schedule |
| Withholding on dividends | Dividends paid by the foreign company, deducted in that country before you receive them. | Destination country | That country's rules, and any treaty |
| Repatriation cost | Bringing the money home: the exchange margin and the transfer fee all over again. | Your bank | As above, at the time |
| Brokerage on the India-listed route | An order for an India-listed international ETF, like any other exchange order. | Yukti | ₹20 per executed order |
| Expense ratio, on a fund route | The value of your holding, every year, deducted inside the scheme. A fund of funds bears the underlying scheme's costs as well. | Fund house | The scheme information document |
| Opening the partner account | Nothing on our side. We introduce you; any charge is the partner's own. | Yukti | Free |
The partner's fee schedule and your bank's schedule of charges are the authoritative sources for the lines they levy, and both are published. Your remittance advice records what was actually deducted on the day, and it is worth keeping alongside the partner's statements.
The part that follows you home
Rates and thresholds are set in the Income-tax Act and amended by each Finance Act, so they are not quoted here. International investing has more obligations attached than anything else on this site, and the reporting one is not optional.
Foreign assets must be declared, every year
A resident holding an account or securities outside India reports them in the schedule prescribed for foreign assets in the income tax return, for every year the holding exists, whether or not any income arose and whether or not any tax is payable. It is a reporting obligation in its own right, separate from the tax.
Consequence: the penalty regime for undisclosed foreign assets is severe and is not proportionate to the tax involved.
Dividends are taxed twice, and relieved once
A foreign company generally deducts tax before paying you, at the rate its country applies to a non-resident, sometimes reduced by the treaty India has with it. The same dividend is then part of your income here. Relief for the tax already deducted is available under the treaty, and it has to be claimed with the right documentation.
Practical effect: keep the statement showing what was withheld. Without it, the credit is difficult to claim.
Foreign shares are not equity shares, for tax
The favourable treatment given to listed Indian equity does not extend to shares listed abroad. Gains on them follow the rules for other capital assets, with their own holding period boundary and their own rate, and the gain is computed in rupees using the prescribed conversion, not in the foreign currency.
Check the current figures in: the Finance Act for the relevant year, or with a chartered accountant.
The gain is computed in rupees
Both the cost and the sale proceeds are converted at the rates prescribed for the purpose, which means the currency move is inside the taxable gain rather than beside it. A holding that made nothing in its own currency can still produce a taxable gain in rupees if the rupee weakened while you held it.
Practical effect: record the rupee cost on the day of purchase. Reconstructing it years later is genuinely painful.
Claim the tax collected at source
What the bank collected on your remittance appears in your annual tax statement and is a credit against your total liability for the year. It is not applied for you: it has to be claimed in the return. On a large remittance it is a substantial amount to leave unclaimed.
Practical effect: reconcile your remittance advices against the annual tax statement before filing.
Estate duty in the destination country
Some countries levy estate or inheritance duty on assets situated there when a non-resident owner dies, in some cases above a low threshold and at a high rate, quite independently of Indian law. It is rarely mentioned and it can be the largest single cost attached to a foreign holding.
Ask a professional: about the exposure in the destination market before the holding grows large.
This is a description of how the obligations are structured and is not tax or legal advice. Rates, thresholds, holding periods, treaty relief, reporting requirements and estate duty in any destination country depend on the law in force and on your own circumstances, including your residential status. International taxation is an area where general answers are frequently wrong. Please consult a qualified tax professional before and while you hold assets outside India.
The international investing glossary
Every term you will meet on a remittance form, a partner statement or a tax schedule, defined in one or two sentences. Type to search, or jump by letter.
All 50 terms.
The declaration completed for a foreign remittance, stating the purpose and confirming the annual limit has not been exceeded.
An American depositary receipt: a foreign company's shares traded in the United States in dollars. It is a foreign security like any other for Indian purposes.
The consolidated statement showing tax deducted and collected against your permanent account number, including on your foreign remittances.
A bank permitted to deal in foreign exchange and to process remittances under the scheme. Your remittance goes through one of these.
The currency an account or a security is denominated in. Your holding is exposed to it whether or not you thought about it when buying.
Securities recorded as held for you by a custodian rather than in your own name on the company's register. Normal practice in most foreign markets.
The risk that the exchange rate moves against you. It is half of what you own when you invest abroad, and it moves for reasons unrelated to the companies you chose.
The institution that actually holds foreign securities on behalf of clients of the platform you use.
The periodic statement the partner issues showing what you hold and what it is worth. Your evidence for the foreign asset schedule.
A certificate traded in one country representing shares listed in another. It is a foreign security for Indian purposes like any other.
A treaty between two countries that reduces the tax deducted abroad and allows credit at home for what was deducted. Relief has to be claimed with documentation.
A tax some countries levy on assets situated there when a non-resident owner dies, in some cases above a low threshold and at a substantial rate. It has nothing to do with Indian law.
The difference between the reference exchange rate and the rate your bank actually gives you. Usually the largest single cost of investing abroad, and negotiable on larger amounts.
An Indian scheme that invests into an overseas fund rather than buying securities directly. It bears its own expense ratio and that of the fund it holds.
The Foreign Exchange Management Act, the legislation under which remittances abroad by residents are permitted and regulated.
April to March, the period against which the annual remittance limit is measured. It resets in April and unused allowance does not carry forward.
The part of the income tax return in which a resident reports accounts and assets held outside India, every year, whether or not income arose.
A holding of less than one whole share, available on many partner platforms. It is what makes very expensive foreign shares practical at modest amounts.
India's international financial services centre, from which platforms can offer access to foreign securities through an account inside India's own jurisdiction.
Taking an offsetting position to reduce currency exposure. It is available to institutions, is rarely practical for an individual, and costs money whether or not the currency moves.
The tendency to hold overwhelmingly domestic assets. Reducing it is the usual argument for investing abroad; the currency is the price of doing so.
The rupee, for an Indian investor. It is the currency you will eventually spend, which is why results are worth measuring in it rather than in the foreign one.
The regulator of India's international financial services centre, which supervises platforms operating from GIFT City.
An estimate of what an exchange traded fund's underlying holdings are worth, published through the day. Comparing the quote against it shows any premium being paid.
An exchange traded fund tracking an overseas index. Listed in India, it is bought in rupees with no remittance; listed abroad, it is a foreign security.
Identity verification. Your Indian KYC does not transfer to a foreign platform, which runs its own under the rules of its jurisdiction.
The Liberalised Remittance Scheme: the route by which a resident individual may remit up to an annual limit abroad for permitted purposes, including investment.
Whatever transfer-on-death or nomination arrangement the foreign platform offers, governed by the law of that place rather than by Indian succession law.
The tax treatment applying to assets that are not listed Indian equity, including foreign shares and Indian schemes investing overseas. Different holding period, different rate.
Money sent from India to another country. Each one carries a declaration, a purpose code, a conversion cost and a fee.
A foreign market trades while India sleeps, so news arrives and prices move when you cannot act. A stop or an intention is of no use during those hours.
The third party with which the global investing account is opened and held. It is regulated where it operates, and the client agreement is with it rather than with us.
The gap between an exchange traded fund's market price and the value of what it holds, which can widen when the scheme cannot issue new units freely.
The short published list of things a remittance under the scheme may not be used for, and the destinations to which it may not be sent.
The classification attached to a foreign remittance describing what it is for. Investment abroad has its own code, distinct from travel or education.
The exchange rate quoted between banks and reported in the news. It is not the rate you get; your rate includes your bank's margin.
The document your bank issues confirming a foreign remittance. It is the evidence behind what you will declare, so keep every one.
Bringing money back to India. It crosses the exchange spread and pays the fees a second time, which is why frequent round trips are expensive.
Whether you are a resident for Indian tax purposes in a given year. It decides which obligations apply and is not the same as citizenship.
How long a trade in the destination market takes to settle. It is set there and is not the Indian cycle.
The question a foreign platform asks about where your money came from, as part of its own anti-money-laundering obligations.
The messaging network banks use to send international payments. The transfer fee on your remittance is usually described as a SWIFT charge.
A statement of your tax residence and identification number, required by foreign platforms under international information-exchange rules.
A certificate of your tax residence in India, used to claim relief under a treaty on tax deducted abroad.
Tax collected at source on a foreign remittance where it applies. It is a cash flow cost and a credit against your tax liability, and it has to be claimed in your return.
The destination market's own session, which rarely overlaps the Indian working day. Orders placed outside it wait until it opens.
The form a foreign platform asks you to complete declaring your tax residence, so that dividends are withheld at the treaty rate rather than the full one. In the United States this is the W-8BEN.
Credit for tax deducted in another country against your Indian liability, available under the treaty between the two countries and claimed with documentation.
The bank-to-bank transfer by which money reaches your foreign account. It takes working days rather than minutes, and holidays in either country add to that.
Tax deducted in the foreign country before a dividend reaches you, at the rate applying to a non-resident, sometimes reduced by treaty.
Commonly asked about investing abroad
Is it legal for me to invest outside India?
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Do I open the account with you?
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Can I invest abroad without sending money abroad?
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How much does it really cost to send money?
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What do I have to declare in my tax return?
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Will the currency help me or hurt me?
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Can I buy a fraction of a share?
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What happens to the foreign account if something happens to me?
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What is the GIFT City route?
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How much of my portfolio should be international?
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